🤔 Apa itu Modal Verbs?
Modal verbs (kata kerja bantu) adalah kata yang digunakan bersama kata kerja utama untuk menunjukkan kemampuan, izin, kewajiban, kemungkinan, atau saran.
I can swim. (kemampuan)
You must wear a helmet. (kewajiban)
It might rain tomorrow. (kemungkinan)
📋 Aturan Dasar Modal Verbs
- ✓ Setelah modal, kata kerja selalu bentuk dasar (V1)
- ✓ Modal tidak berubah untuk semua subject (I/you/he/she/it/we/they)
- ✓ Tidak pakai to setelah modal (kecuali have to, ought to)
- ✓ Tidak pakai -s/-es/-ed/-ing pada modal
✓ She can swim. (bukan "can swims" atau "can to swim")
✗ She cans swim. ✗ She can to swim. ✗ She can swimming.
🇮🇩 Kenapa Sulit untuk Orang Indonesia?
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kita pakai kata seperti "bisa", "harus", "mungkin" yang tidak mengubah struktur kalimat. Tapi dalam bahasa Inggris, modal verbs punya aturan khusus dan makna yang sangat spesifik.
Contoh: "Bisa" dalam bahasa Indonesia bisa jadi CAN, COULD, atau MAY tergantung konteks!
CAN
Bisa / Dapat🎯 Kegunaan
I can swim. (Saya bisa berenang.)
Can I go now? (Boleh saya pergi sekarang?)
It can be cold in winter. (Bisa dingin di musim dingin.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + can + V1
(-) Subject + cannot / can't + V1
(?) Can + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ I can speak three languages.
✓ She can't drive a car.
✓ Can you help me with this?
✓ We can meet tomorrow if you're free.
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ She cans swim.
✅ She can swim.
Modal tidak ditambah -s untuk he/she/it.
❌ I can to speak English.
✅ I can speak English.
Tidak pakai "to" setelah can.
❌ He can swimming.
✅ He can swim.
Setelah modal, kata kerja bentuk dasar (V1).
COULD
Bisa (lampau) / Bisakah (sopan)🎯 Kegunaan
I could swim when I was young. (Saya bisa berenang waktu kecil.)
Could you help me? (Bisakah Anda membantu saya?)
It could rain later. (Mungkin akan hujan nanti.)
You could try calling him. (Kamu bisa coba meneleponnya.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + could + V1
(-) Subject + could not / couldn't + V1
(?) Could + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ When I was younger, I could run very fast.
✓ Could you pass me the salt, please?
✓ She couldn't come to the party yesterday.
✓ We could go to the beach if the weather is nice.
🔄 CAN vs COULD
"Can you help me?" (biasa)
"Could you help me?" (lebih sopan)
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ I could to swim when I was young.
✅ I could swim when I was young.
Tidak pakai "to" setelah could.
❌ Yesterday I could finish the work. (berhasil menyelesaikan)
✅ Yesterday I was able to finish the work.
Untuk keberhasilan di situasi spesifik, pakai "was able to", bukan "could".
MAY
Boleh / Mungkin🎯 Kegunaan
May I come in? (Bolehkah saya masuk?)
It may rain tomorrow. (Mungkin akan hujan besok.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + may + V1
(-) Subject + may not + V1
(?) May + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ May I use your phone?
✓ She may be late for the meeting.
✓ You may not smoke here.
✓ He may know the answer.
Catatan: MAY lebih formal dari CAN untuk meminta izin. "May I...?" lebih sopan dari "Can I...?"
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ May I to ask a question?
✅ May I ask a question?
Tidak pakai "to" setelah may.
❌ It may rains tomorrow.
✅ It may rain tomorrow.
Setelah modal, kata kerja bentuk dasar (V1) tanpa -s.
MIGHT
Mungkin (kemungkinan kecil)🎯 Kegunaan
I might go to the party. (Mungkin saya akan pergi ke pesta.)
You might want to check that. (Mungkin kamu perlu cek itu.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + might + V1
(-) Subject + might not + V1
(?) Might + Subject + V1? (jarang dipakai)
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ I might be late tomorrow.
✓ She might not come to the meeting.
✓ It might snow tonight.
✓ They might have forgotten about it.
🔄 MAY vs MIGHT
"It may rain." (cukup mungkin)
"It might rain." (kurang mungkin)
Dalam praktik, perbedaannya sangat halus dan sering dipakai bergantian.
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ I might to go to the party.
✅ I might go to the party.
Tidak pakai "to" setelah might.
❌ Might I borrow your pen? (untuk izin)
✅ May/Could I borrow your pen?
MIGHT jarang dipakai untuk meminta izin. Pakai MAY atau COULD.
MUST
Harus / Pasti🎯 Kegunaan
You must wear a helmet. (Kamu harus pakai helm.)
She must be tired. (Dia pasti lelah.)
You must not smoke here. (Kamu tidak boleh merokok di sini.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + must + V1
(-) Subject + must not / mustn't + V1
(?) Must + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ Students must attend all classes.
✓ You must not tell anyone about this.
✓ He must be very rich. (kesimpulan)
✓ We must finish this today.
🔄 MUST vs HAVE TO
"I must study." (saya merasa harus)
"I have to study." (ada aturan/orang lain yang mewajibkan)
⚠️ Penting!
MUST NOT = larangan (tidak boleh)
DON'T HAVE TO = tidak wajib (boleh tidak)
"You must not smoke here." = Kamu tidak boleh merokok (dilarang)
"You don't have to come." = Kamu tidak harus datang (terserah)
HAVE TO
Harus (kewajiban eksternal)🎯 Kegunaan
I have to wear a uniform. (Saya harus pakai seragam - aturan sekolah.)
I have to go now. (Saya harus pergi sekarang.)
You don't have to come. (Kamu tidak harus datang - terserah.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + have to / has to + V1
(-) Subject + don't / doesn't + have to + V1
(?) Do/Does + Subject + have to + V1?
Catatan: HAVE TO berubah sesuai tense:
• Present: have to / has to
• Past: had to
• Future: will have to
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ I have to finish this report by Friday.
✓ She has to work on weekends.
✓ We had to wait for 2 hours yesterday.
✓ You don't have to pay now.
✓ Do you have to leave so early?
✓ I will have to study harder next semester.
🔄 MUST vs HAVE TO
"I must study." (saya merasa harus)
Tidak ada bentuk lampau
"I have to study." (ada aturan)
Bisa dipakai di semua tense
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ She have to go now.
✅ She has to go now.
Untuk he/she/it, pakai HAS TO, bukan HAVE TO.
❌ I must to go yesterday. (lampau)
✅ I had to go yesterday.
MUST tidak punya bentuk lampau. Pakai HAD TO untuk masa lalu.
❌ You mustn't come. (tidak wajib)
✅ You don't have to come.
MUSTN'T = dilarang. DON'T HAVE TO = tidak wajib (boleh tidak).
SHOULD
Sebaiknya / Seharusnya🎯 Kegunaan
You should see a doctor. (Kamu sebaiknya ke dokter.)
We should be on time. (Kita seharusnya tepat waktu.)
She should be here soon. (Dia seharusnya segera tiba.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + should + V1
(-) Subject + should not / shouldn't + V1
(?) Should + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ You should eat more vegetables.
✓ We shouldn't waste time.
✓ Should I call him now?
✓ They should arrive by 5 PM.
🔄 MUST vs SHOULD
"You must study." (harus!)
"You should study." (lebih baik kalau...)
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ You should to study harder.
✅ You should study harder.
Tidak pakai "to" setelah should.
❌ He shoulds go home.
✅ He should go home.
Modal tidak ditambah -s untuk he/she/it.
OUGHT TO
Seharusnya (lebih kuat dari should)🎯 Kegunaan
You ought to help your parents. (Kamu seharusnya membantu orang tuamu.)
You ought to see a doctor. (Kamu seharusnya ke dokter.)
She ought to be here by now. (Dia seharusnya sudah di sini.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + ought to + V1
(-) Subject + ought not to + V1
(?) Ought + Subject + to + V1? (jarang)
Catatan: OUGHT TO adalah satu-satunya modal yang diikuti "to".
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ You ought to apologize to her.
✓ We ought to respect our elders.
✓ He ought not to speak like that.
✓ They ought to arrive soon.
🔄 SHOULD vs OUGHT TO
"You should study." (sebaiknya)
Lebih umum dipakai
"You ought to study." (seharusnya)
Lebih formal, jarang dipakai
Dalam praktik, SHOULD dan OUGHT TO hampir sama artinya. SHOULD lebih umum dipakai.
HAD BETTER
Sebaiknya (ada konsekuensi)🎯 Kegunaan
You had better hurry. (Kamu sebaiknya cepat - atau akan terlambat.)
You had better not be late. (Sebaiknya jangan terlambat - atau ada masalah.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + had better + V1
(-) Subject + had better not + V1
Catatan: Sering disingkat jadi "'d better" (I'd better, you'd better). Meskipun ada "had", ini untuk situasi sekarang/masa depan, bukan lampau!
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ You 'd better study or you'll fail.
✓ We had better leave now.
✓ She 'd better not forget the meeting.
✓ I 'd better call my mom.
🔄 SHOULD vs HAD BETTER
"You should study." (sebaiknya)
Tidak ada konsekuensi tersirat
"You'd better study." (sebaiknya, atau...)
Ada konsekuensi negatif jika tidak dilakukan
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ You had better to go now.
✅ You had better go now.
Tidak pakai "to" setelah had better.
❌ You have better study.
✅ You had better study.
Selalu "had better", bukan "have better".
WILL
Akan🎯 Kegunaan
It will rain tomorrow. (Akan hujan besok.)
I'll help you. (Saya akan membantu kamu.)
I will call you later. (Saya akan meneleponmu nanti.)
Will you help me? (Maukah kamu membantu saya?)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + will + V1
(-) Subject + will not / won't + V1
(?) Will + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ I will be there at 8 PM.
✓ She won't come to the party.
✓ Will you marry me?
✓ They will arrive soon.
✓ It will be sunny tomorrow.
Catatan: "Will" sering disingkat jadi "'ll" (I'll, you'll, he'll). Bentuk negatif "will not" disingkat jadi "won't".
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ I will to help you.
✅ I will help you.
Tidak pakai "to" setelah will.
❌ She wills come tomorrow.
✅ She will come tomorrow.
Modal tidak ditambah -s untuk he/she/it.
❌ I will going to the party.
✅ I will go to the party.
Setelah will, pakai V1 (bentuk dasar), bukan V-ing.
WOULD
Akan (lampau) / Ingin (sopan)🎯 Kegunaan
When I was young, I would play here. (Dulu saya sering bermain di sini.)
Would you help me? (Maukah Anda membantu saya?)
I would like some coffee. (Saya ingin kopi.)
I would go if I had time. (Saya akan pergi kalau punya waktu.)
I would rather stay home. (Saya lebih suka di rumah.)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + would + V1
(-) Subject + would not / wouldn't + V1
(?) Would + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ Would you like some tea?
✓ I would love to visit Japan.
✓ She wouldn't tell me the secret.
✓ If I were rich, I would buy a house.
✓ When I was a child, I would wake up early.
🔄 WILL vs WOULD
"I will help you." (saya akan membantu)
"I would help you if I could." (saya akan membantu kalau bisa)
❌ Kesalahan Umum
❌ I would liked some coffee.
✅ I would like some coffee.
Setelah would, pakai V1 (bentuk dasar).
❌ If I have money, I would buy a car.
✅ If I had money, I would buy a car.
Conditional type 2: If + past tense, would + V1.
SHALL
Akan (formal) / Haruskah🎯 Kegunaan
Shall we go? (Apa kita pergi?)
The tenant shall pay rent monthly. (Penyewa harus membayar sewa bulanan.)
Shall I open the window? (Haruskah saya buka jendelanya?)
📝 Rumus
(+) Subject + shall + V1
(-) Subject + shall not / shan't + V1
(?) Shall + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ Shall we dance?
✓ Shall I help you with that?
✓ We shall overcome.
✓ The contract shall be valid for one year.
Catatan: SHALL jarang dipakai dalam percakapan sehari-hari modern. Lebih umum dalam konteks formal, hukum, atau British English. Dalam American English, lebih sering pakai WILL.
🔄 SHALL vs WILL
"Shall we go?" (apa kita pergi?)
"We will go." (kita akan pergi)
NEED
Perlu🎯 Kegunaan
I need to study. (Saya perlu belajar.)
You needn't worry. (Kamu tidak perlu khawatir.)
📝 Rumus
Sebagai kata kerja biasa:
(+) Subject + need to + V1
(-) Subject + don't/doesn't need to + V1
(?) Do/Does + Subject + need to + V1?
Sebagai modal (formal, jarang):
(-) Subject + needn't + V1
(?) Need + Subject + V1?
💡 Contoh Kalimat
✓ I need to finish this today.
✓ She needs to see a doctor.
✓ You don't need to bring anything.
✓ You needn't worry about it. (formal)
✓ Do you need to leave now?
🔄 NEEDN'T vs DON'T HAVE TO
"You needn't come." (tidak perlu datang)
Lebih formal
"You don't have to come." (tidak harus datang)
Lebih umum dipakai
Keduanya artinya sama: tidak ada kewajiban.
Modal + Perfect
Modal + have + V3🤔 Apa itu Modal Perfect?
Modal Perfect digunakan untuk membicarakan situasi di masa lalu dengan berbagai nuansa: penyesalan, kesimpulan, kemungkinan, dll.
Rumus: Modal + have + V3 (past participle)
🔴 SHOULD HAVE + V3
Seharusnya (tapi tidak dilakukan) - Penyesalan
✓ I should have studied harder. (Saya seharusnya belajar lebih giat - tapi tidak.)
✓ You should have told me earlier. (Kamu seharusnya memberitahu lebih awal.)
✓ She shouldn't have said that. (Dia seharusnya tidak mengatakan itu.)
🇮🇩 Dalam bahasa Indonesia: "Seharusnya saya belajar lebih giat" - tidak ada perubahan bentuk kata kerja.
🔵 COULD HAVE + V3
Bisa saja (tapi tidak dilakukan) - Kemampuan yang tidak dipakai
✓ I could have helped you. (Saya bisa saja membantu kamu - tapi tidak.)
✓ She could have won the race. (Dia bisa saja menang - tapi tidak.)
✓ We could have gone to the beach. (Kita bisa saja pergi ke pantai.)
🟢 MUST HAVE + V3
Pasti sudah - Kesimpulan logis tentang masa lalu
✓ She must have forgotten. (Dia pasti sudah lupa.)
✓ He must have been tired. (Dia pasti lelah.)
✓ They must have left already. (Mereka pasti sudah pergi.)
🟡 MAY/MIGHT HAVE + V3
Mungkin sudah - Kemungkinan di masa lalu
✓ She may have missed the bus. (Dia mungkin sudah ketinggalan bus.)
✓ He might have forgotten about it. (Dia mungkin sudah lupa.)
✓ They might have gone home. (Mereka mungkin sudah pulang.)
⚫ CAN'T HAVE + V3
Tidak mungkin sudah - Ketidakmungkinan di masa lalu
✓ She can't have done that. (Dia tidak mungkin melakukan itu.)
✓ He can't have forgotten. (Dia tidak mungkin lupa.)
✓ They can't have left without saying goodbye. (Mereka tidak mungkin pergi tanpa pamit.)
🟣 WOULD HAVE + V3
Akan sudah (conditional) - Situasi tidak nyata di masa lalu
✓ I would have helped if I had known. (Saya akan membantu kalau saya tahu.)
✓ She would have come if you had invited her. (Dia akan datang kalau kamu mengundangnya.)
✓ We would have won if we had practiced more. (Kita akan menang kalau latihan lebih banyak.)
🟠 NEEDN'T HAVE + V3
Tidak perlu (tapi sudah dilakukan) - Tindakan yang sia-sia
✓ You needn't have bought so much food. (Kamu tidak perlu membeli makanan sebanyak itu - tapi sudah terlanjur.)
✓ She needn't have worried. (Dia tidak perlu khawatir - tapi sudah terlanjur khawatir.)
🔄 NEEDN'T HAVE vs DIDN'T NEED TO
"I needn't have bought it."
= Tidak perlu, tapi sudah terlanjur beli
"I didn't need to buy it."
= Tidak perlu, dan memang tidak beli
📋 Ringkasan Modal Perfect
| Modal Perfect | Arti | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| should have + V3 | Seharusnya (penyesalan) | I should have studied. |
| could have + V3 | Bisa saja (tidak dilakukan) | I could have helped. |
| must have + V3 | Pasti sudah (kesimpulan) | She must have left. |
| may/might have + V3 | Mungkin sudah | He might have forgotten. |
| can't have + V3 | Tidak mungkin sudah | She can't have done that. |
| would have + V3 | Akan sudah (conditional) | I would have helped. |
| needn't have + V3 | Tidak perlu (tapi dilakukan) | You needn't have worried. |
🔄 Perbandingan Modal Verbs
Kemampuan: CAN vs COULD vs BE ABLE TO
| Modal | Waktu | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| CAN | Sekarang | I can swim. |
| COULD | Lampau (umum) | I could swim when I was young. |
| BE ABLE TO | Semua waktu | I was able to swim yesterday. (berhasil melakukan) |
Perbedaan penting: "Could" = kemampuan umum di masa lalu. "Was able to" = berhasil melakukan di situasi spesifik.
Contoh: "I could swim when I was 10" (kemampuan umum) vs "I was able to swim across the river yesterday" (berhasil di situasi spesifik).
Izin: CAN vs MAY vs COULD
| Modal | Tingkat Kesopanan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| CAN | Informal | Can I go now? |
| COULD | Sopan | Could I go now? |
| MAY | Sangat formal | May I go now? |
Kewajiban: MUST vs HAVE TO vs SHOULD
| Modal | Tingkat Kewajiban | Sumber | Contoh |
|---|---|---|---|
| MUST | Sangat kuat | Internal (diri sendiri) | I must study. (saya merasa harus) |
| HAVE TO | Kuat | Eksternal (aturan) | I have to study. (ada aturan) |
| SHOULD | Ringan (saran) | Nasihat | You should study. (sebaiknya) |
Larangan vs Tidak Wajib
🚫 LARANGAN (Tidak Boleh)
MUST NOT / MUSTN'T
You must not smoke here.
= Kamu tidak boleh merokok di sini. (DILARANG)
✅ TIDAK WAJIB (Boleh Tidak)
DON'T HAVE TO / NEEDN'T
You don't have to come.
= Kamu tidak harus datang. (Terserah, boleh datang boleh tidak)
⚠️ Ini kesalahan paling umum! Orang Indonesia sering salah pakai "must not" untuk "tidak harus". Padahal "must not" artinya "DILARANG"!
Kemungkinan: MAY vs MIGHT vs COULD
It will rain. / It should rain.
It may rain. / It could rain.
It might rain.
Masa Depan: WILL vs GOING TO vs SHALL
| Bentuk | Kegunaan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| WILL | Prediksi, keputusan spontan, janji | I'll help you. (spontan) |
| GOING TO | Rencana, bukti akan terjadi | I'm going to study tonight. (sudah direncanakan) |
| SHALL | Saran formal (I/we) | Shall we go? (apa kita pergi?) |